We tested whether interacting with a gun increased testosterone levels and later aggressive behavior. Thirty male college students provided a saliva sample (for testosterone assay), interacted with either a gun or a children’s toy for 15 min, and then provided another saliva sample. Next, subjects added as much hot sauce as they wanted to a cup of water they believed another subject would have ...

The authors examined the mediational role of drinking motives in explaining the associations among psychosocial antecedents and collegiate drinking. Results indicated that drinking motives partially mediated the relationships between outcome expectancies, perceived norms, alcohol use intensity, and alcohol-related negative consequences.

In earlier years, the role of the educator was mainly that of a conveyor of knowledge where learners passively took in information and later on reproduced that exact information in the form of tests and examinations. Because of its ineffectiveness, in recent years this traditional role of the educator has changed (Fraser, 2006:1, Kozulin et al., 2003:16). Piagetians and supporters of discovery ...