The elevated plus maze test is a rodent model of anxiety that is used extensively in the discovery of novel anxiolytic agents and to investigate the psychological and neurochemical basis of anxiety. The model is based on Montgomery's 1 observation that rats spent less time exploring the 'open' arms of a novel 'Y'-shaped elevated maze than an enclosed arm. The elevated plus maze used today 2 is ...

The Barnes maze is one of the main behavioral tasks used to study spatial learning and memory. The Barnes maze is a task conducted on "dry land" in which animals try to escape from a brightly lit exposed circular open arena to a small dark escape box located under one of several holes at the periphery of the arena. In comparison with another classical spatial learning and memory task, the Morri...

Iron deficiency and anaemia affect millions of children worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency with or without anaemia on cognitive functions, specifically with short-term memory, attention and visual motor coordination in children. A total of 173 primary school children was enrolled. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for C...

OBJECTIVE Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is frequently used anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) among the athletes. Despite the health risks, there is significant increase in prevalence of AAS abuse. DESIGN The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to ND at supraphysiological dose (to mimic the doses for human AAS abusers) on anxiety levels in adult rats. SETTINGS We...

Brain injury often impairs a person’s ability to remember. To find new drugs that improve memory after brain injury, scientist must rely on experiments in animals such as rats. But how do you test the rats? One way is use pool of colored water, called Morris water maze. In this maze, rats have “remember” where go get out water. The more rat’s has improved, quicker it finds its (rats not like be...