Marx was drawn towards politics by Romantic literature and his earliest writings embody a conception of reality as subject to turbulent change and of human beings as realizing themselves in the struggle for freedom. His identification with these elements in HEGEL's thought (and his contempt for what he regarded as HEGEL's apologetic attitude towards the Prussian state) brought Marx to associate...

Electroporation is a next generation bioelectronics device. The emerging application of electroporation requires high voltage pulses having pulse-width in the nanosecond range. essential use capacitor results an increase size electroporator circuit. This paper discusses modification conventional Marx generator circuit to achieve with minimal chip reduced capacitors are attributed reduction numb...

We study the development of a negative discharge of about 1 MV driven by a Marx generator in an air gap of 1–1.5 m, at standard temperature and pressure. We show the evolution of the discharge with nanosecond-fast photography together with the electrical characteristics. The negative discharge develops through four well-distinguished streamer bursts. The streamers have different velocities and ...

Emission spectra of the microplasma discharge in N2, NO and O2 gas mixture was analyzed. The diagnosis of microplasma discharge was performed in order to understand the processes of NOx removal. An experimental Marx Generator was used as a pulsed power supply. Emission spectra for N2 gas show N2 second positive band system (N2 SPS) and N2 first negative band system (N2 FNS). 1000 ppm NO in N2 e...

We have demonstrated a new type of high repetition rate 46.9 nm capillary discharge laser that fits on top of a small desk and that it does not require a Marx generator for its excitation. The relatively low voltage required for its operation allows a reduction of nearly one order of magnitude in the size of the pulsed power unit relative to previous capillary discharge lasers. Laser pulses wit...

This article presents the electrical and mechanical design of a compact 13-stage 0.5-MV Marx generator operating at pulse repetition frequency (PRF) 100 Hz. The fast-switching process is based on spark gaps, operated under pressurized air leading to generation an output pulsed voltage with peak 0.5 MV rise time 15 ns when 300- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns...

This article describes the preliminary results from new bipolar solid-state Marx generator proposed for Berlin BESSY II injection system, which includes following pulse specifications: (1) peak voltage of ±8 kV, (2) current 160 A, (3) impedance 50 Ω, (4) frequency ≤10 Hz, (5) width 350 ns, (6) risetime ≤80 and (7) deviation “Flat top” ≤ ± 1%. The is based on SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-...

In an article devoted to the Young Marx, I have already stressed the ambiguity of the idea of ‘inverting Hegel’. It seemed to me that strictly speaking this expression suited Feuerbach perfectly; the latter did, indeed, ‘turn speculative philosophy back on to its feet’, but the only result was to arrive with implacable logic at an idealist anthropology. But the expression cannot be applied to M...