The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Slt2 is central to signaling through the yeast Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) pathway. MAPKs are regulated by phosphorylation at both threonine and tyrosine of conserved TXY motif within activation loop (T190/Y192 in Slt2). Since sites results full MAPKs, MAPK pathways monitored with antibodies that detect dually phosphorylated forms. However, most these a...

Objectives: Betula Platyphylla(BP) has been used as a analgesic, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant drug in Eastern Asia. However, it is still unknown whether BP ethanol extract could exhibit the inhibitory activities against ultraviolet B(UVB)-induced skin injury on human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells. This study was aimed to investigate protective activity of UVB-irradiated cells.Methods: The model ce...

Air pollution is a process that mixes pollutants into the atmosphere, which potentially harmful to humans and causes negative impacts on surrounding environment (biotic abiotic). The health effects associated with air have been reported from both indoor outdoor environments. Specifically, dust storms originating in Chinese Mongolian desert areas introduce significant amounts of particulate matt...

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin with potential nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, and cytotoxic action. It has been proposed that OTA might be involved in the development of Balkan endemic nephropathy, which is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract tumours, and of other forms of interstitial nephritis. Cell susceptibility to OTA mainly depends on mycotoxin concentrations, dura...

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are ubiquitous phosphorylation enzymes involved in signal transduction, gene expression and activation of diverse cytoskeletal proteins. MAPKs participate in the regulation of a broad range of crucial cellular processes including cell survival, division, polarization, stress responses, and metabolism. Phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins usually res...

In vivo gene knockout studies in mice have revealed essential roles of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in embryogenesis, but due to early lethality of the knockout embryos, the underlying mechanisms and specific developmental programs regulated by the MAPK pathways have remained largely unknown. In vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have opened new possibil...

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play critical regulatory roles in the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and downstream signaling events which lead to inflammation. Inflammation is a primarily localized and protective response of host against microbial infection. Controlled inflammation is beneficial and necessary for host defense while uncontrolled inflammatory response res...

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play a central role in many host signalling pathways. These signalling proteins are known to be involved in host responses against invasive bacteria including generation of chemotactic and inflammatory cytokines. It was hypothesized that Campylobacter jejuni may activate MAPKs, as intestinal infection may induce a clinical and pathological picture o...

Recently, we demonstrated that mechanical stress results in rapid phosphorylation or activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) followed by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and AP-1 transcription factors (Hu, Y., Bock, G., Wick, G., and Xu, Q. (1998) FASEB J. 12, 1135-1142). Herein, we provide evidence that VSMC response...

In response to extracellular stimuli, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) modulate gene expression to maximize cell survival. Exposure of yeast to high osmolarity results in activation of the p38-related MAPK Hog1, which plays a key role in reprogramming the gene expression pattern required for cell survival upon osmostress. Hog1 not only regulates initiation but also modulates other step...