A survey of blue oak stands in four southern Sierra areas indicated there was a substantial number of seedlings and mature trees, but there were considerably fewer trees in the sapling and pole size class. These differences prompted a long-term survival study. After 6 years, 68.5 percent of the trees were still present and had grown 0.02 inches. A study of aging seedlings showed that the percen...

Nine coral survey methods were compared at ten sites in various reef habitats with different levels of coral cover in Kāne'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Mean estimated coverage at the different sites ranged from less than 10% cover to greater than 90% cover. The methods evaluated include line transects, various visual and photographic belt transects, video transects and visual estimates. At each sit...

The analysis of interactions between lineages at varying levels of genetic divergence can provide insights into the process of speciation through the accumulation of incompatible mutations. Ring species, and especially the Ensatina eschscholtzii system exemplify this approach. The plethodontid salamanders E. eschscholtzii xanthoptica and E. eschscholtzii platensis hybridize in the central Sierr...

Spatial patterns of forest canopies are fractal as they exhibit variation over a continuum of scales. A measure of fractal dimension of a forested landscape represents the spatial summation of physiologic (leaf-level), demographic (populationlevel), and abiotic (e.g., edaphic) processes, as well as exogenous disturbances (e.g., ®re and hurricane) and thus provides a basis to classify or monitor...

Mangroves are transitional ecosystems between terrestrial and marine environments, and are dis- tinguished by a high abundance of animals, plants, and fungi. Although macrofungi occur in different types of habitat, including mangroves, little is known about their community structure and dynamic. Therefore the aim of this study was to analyze the diversity of macrofungi in a number of Brazilian ...

Direct velocity measurements of the Malvinas Current (MC) were carried out on multiple occupations five transects across flow using a Shipborne Acoustic Profiler (SADCP) R/V Akademik Sergey Vavilov and Mstislav Keldysh. These data are used to determine local features three-dimensional field current. The covered northern branch Antarctic Circumpolar (ACC) southern part MC. Five located at 350–55...

Outdoor recreation has the potential to impact spatial and temporal distribution of animals. We explore interactions between red deer Cervus elaphus hikers along a popular hiking path in Scottish Highlands. placed camera traps transects at different distances (25, 75 150 m) from study whether distance hiker activity influences number detected. compared this with detection an additional, spatial...

Patterns of fish distribution in French Polynesia were studied at several spatial scales: a single transect (with 280 species, 22 stations), on Moorea Island; several transects on the same island (171 species, 14 stations) and transects from 5 islands including Moorea (189 species, 10 stations). There were significant variations in abundance, richness and composition of species among sites with...