In this paper, we make a short history about: the neutrosophic set, neutrosophic numerical components and neutrosophic literal components, neutrosophic numbers, and elementary neutrosophic algebraic structures. Afterwards, their generalizations to refined neutrosophic set, respectively refined neutrosophic numerical and literal components, then refined neutrosophic numbers and refined neutrosop...

Schizophrenia patients have been reported to be more impaired in comprehending non-literal than literal language since early studies on proverbs. Preference for literal rather than figurative interpretations continues to be documented. The main aim of this study was to establish whether patients are indeed able to use combinatorial semantic processing to comprehend literal sentences and both co...

The textual representation defined for literal IPv6 addresses in [ARCH] is not directly compatible with URL’s. Both use ":" and "." characters as delimiters. This document defines the preferred format for literal IPv6 Addresses in URL’s for implementation in World Wide Web browsers. The goal is to have a format that allows easy "cut" and "paste" operations with a minimum of editing of the liter...

The Metaphorical Brain Long considered a peripheral topic in linguistics, metaphor is increasingly viewed as a central feature of higher cognition and abstract thought. Investigation of the neural substrate of metaphor has, similarly, become more sophisticated, involving increasingly specific suggestions about the processes involved in its comprehension. This Frontiers Research Topic brings tog...

Alice Crary has recently developed a radical reading of J. L. Austin’s philosophy of language. The central contention of Crary’s reading is that Austin gives convincing reasons to reject the idea that sentences have context-invariant literal meaning. While I am in sympathy with Crary about the continuing importance of Austin’s work, and I think Crary’s reading is deep and interesting, I do not ...

The time courses for constructing literal and figurative interpretations of simple propositions were measured with the response signal, speed-accuracy tradeoff procedure. No differences were found in comprehension speed for literal and figurative strings in a task that required judging whether a string of words was meaningful. Likewise, no differences were found in processing speed for nonsense...

Kuwait, as most Gulf countries, is suffering from an increasing loss of identity for both the city and its inhabitants. This requires some soul-searching into the deep structure stratum to arrive at mythic images more relevant to the Kuwaiti cultural context. One way of achieving this is through the adoption of the study and analysis of local vernacular built environments as one of the basic me...

In this paper we present a system for recognition of handwritten words on literal check amounts which advantageously combines HMMs and Markov random fields (MRFs). It operates, in a holistic manner, at pixel level on height normalised word images which are viewed as random field realizations. The HMM analyses the image along the horizontal writing direction, in a specific state observation prob...