Norms have been extensively studied to coordinate multi-agent systems, and the literature has investigated two general approaches to norm synthesis: off-line (synthesising norms at design-time) and on-line (runtime synthesis). On-line synthesis is generally recognised to be appropriate for open systems, where aspects of the system remain unknown at design-time. In this paper we present LION , a...

Abstract By the middle of eighteenth century word “liberal” had multiple non‐political meanings. Adam Smith famously advances “the liberal plan” political economy. In The Wealth Nations he indicates several ways that his plan is in a sense. leads to economic growth, which rise real wages and population through an extending division labor. facilitates market integration, leading toward distribut...

As liberal democracies, what can the United States, Europe, and Japan be expected to embrace as “democratic” solutions to global environmental problems such as climate change? It is our argument that contradictions in liberal democratic politics lead these states to advocate solutions that are nature-ascommodity oriented and that idealize the notion of “managed nature.” In the case of climate c...

BACKGROUND The hemoglobin threshold for transfusion of red blood cells in patients with acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is controversial. We compared the efficacy and safety of a restrictive transfusion strategy with those of a liberal transfusion strategy. METHODS OBJECTIVE The objective was to prove that the restrictive threshold for red blood cell transfusion in patients with acute...