The impact of different combinations water–nitrogen coupling on maize yield and the environment needs investigation. Low, medium, high levels irrigation N application gradients were studied through field experiments to elucidate suitable zone for spring in West Liaohe Plain during three hydrological year patterns under drip with plastic film. effects couplings yield, water- nitrogen-use efficie...

Wastewater treatment plants play a critical role in reducing point source pollution watersheds; however, taking on the task of pollutants such as COD and NH3-N, they also consume energy intensively, which can result additional greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions operating (OAM) costs. Therefore, appropriate effluent targets should be implemented to achieve balance between load reduction, costs, depe...

Arable land systems are complex ecosystems composed of cultivated and semi-natural habitats. Retaining an appropriate proportion habitats in arable is beneficial for enhancing landscape heterogeneity biodiversity. However, it unclear how many need to be retained improve heterogeneity. In this study, the use data four counties were used as source Lower Liaohe Plain, Liaoning Province, Rao’s quad...