Almost all current natural language generation (NLG) systems, as contrasted with current NL understanding (NLU) systems, have one somewhat surprising property in common: Most current NLG systems don't use words at all. Such systems operate by incrementally specifying fragments of linguistic structure in a top-down fashion, typically inserting specific lexical items only when the frontier of the...

This study adopted a corpus-based, contrastive approach to lexical complexity in the academic writing of first language (L1) and second (L2) postgraduates. Lexical scores were extracted using Complexity Analyzer from Corpus Arab Proficient Users English (CAPUE), consisting Saudi academics’ dissertations applied linguistics. To investigate potential differences between this corpus native speaker...

Pronunciation by analogy (PbA) is an emerging, data-driven technique with potential application in text-to-speech (TTS) systems, as well as being an influential psychological model of reading aloud. The underlying idea is that a pronunciation for an unknown word (i.e. one not in the dictionary, or lexicon, of the human or machine ‘reader’) is assembled by matching substrings of the input to sub...

listening skill and speaking skill, according language didactics, have close interaction in lingual communications. therefore, measuring listening comprehension without considering other language skills seems to be difficult. the present study is an effort to compare the effectiveness of oral and written multiple-choice listening tests for persian language learners. in fact, this study answers ...

This paper describes our participation to the Entrance Exams Task of CLEF 2014’s Question Answering Track. The goal is to answer multiple-choice questions on short texts. Our system first retrieves passages relevant to the question, through lexical expansion involving a structured use of the Simple English Wiktionary and WordNet. Then it extracts predicate-argument structures (PAS) from each an...

Kristeva’s description of motherhood as a "demented jouissance," the pleasure pain, reveals ambivalence love and hate relationship child attempts for individuality by detaching from her mother woman within herself. It is an excruciating experience both daughter since female identity not delimited, autonomous, separated, or individuated. Morrison’s Beloved saturated with conversations that signa...

1. Explain the difference between scientific and “soft” determinism. 2. What is the one miracle that would happen in a predeterministic universe? 3. Explain the difference between predestination and fatalism. How does the short characterization of the doctrine of fatalism in this chapter differ from the lexical definition of “fatalism”? 4. If our choices are not due to chance, reason, or causes...

Most previous studies of difficulties in learning a second/foreign language focused on sources learner errors caused by cross-linguistic differences various levels linguistic structure, but most such remain at rather superficial level description. This study explores an abstract studying the nature and activity bilingual mental lexicon during interlanguage production. The is defined as containi...