Abstract Background Breastfeeding and postpartum contraception critically influence infant maternal health outcomes. In this pilot study, we explore the effects of timing duration levonorgestrel exposure on milk lipid content to establish baseline data for future research. Methods This sub-study recruited a balanced convenience sample from 259 participants enrolled in parent randomized controll...

Few studies have compared side effects and removal rates of copper and hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs). We have recently completed a randomised controlled trial of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (IUS) (Mirena®, Schering, Germany) and the Copper 380® A (IUD) (India) in 160 Muslim women aged 20–35 years attending the Ayat Health Centre in Iran. Women who presented requesting an IUD f...

A levonorgestrel-releasing IUD and the Copper T 380Ag IUD were in randomized comparison for seven years in five clinics. In two other clinics the randomized study was truncated at five years, but use of the Copper T continued. No pregnancies occurred to users of either device in years 6 and 7. Cumulative pregnancy rates were 1.1 per 100 at seven years for the steroid-releasing and 1.4 per 100 f...

Unintended pregnancy, endemic in the United States Expulsion rates appear to be lower with postplacental (within (US), carries significant health and economic consequences and disproportionately affects poor women and women of color [1,2]. Rapid repeat pregnancy—defined as a pregnancy within 12 to 18 months after delivery—can occur if women are unsuccessful at initiating contraception [3]. Impr...

BACKGROUND The effects of contraception on subsequent fecundity are yet to be substantiated. METHODS A total of 2841 consecutive pregnant women in Hull and Sheffield completed questionnaires inquiring about time to pregnancy (TTP), contraceptive use, pregnancy planning, previous pregnancies, age and lifestyle characteristics of each partner. Outcome measures were mean TTP, conception probabil...

To the Editor: The review of Xu Xiong, Pierre Buekens and Elisabeth Wollast’ on IUD use and the risk of ectopic pregnancy is an interesting attempt to analyze disparate material covering a wide time span and global data. The two conclusions that 1) with an odds ratio of 1.06 “Current IUD use did not enhance the risk of ectopic pregnancy” among non-pregnant women and 2) with an odds ratio of 1.4...

BACKGROUND Despite the widespread use of highly effective contraceptive methods in France, one in every three pregnancies is unintended. Among women experiencing an unintended pregnancy leading to an abortion, half had changed their contraceptive method in the 6 months preceding the abortion, in most cases switching to a less-effective method or to no method at all. This study provides estimate...

Long-acting reversible contraceptive methods (LARC) are considered important to reduce the number of unintended pregnancies. Winner et al. found that women using oral contraceptives, a transdermal patch or a vaginal ring had a risk of contraceptive failure that was 20 times as high as the risk among those using LARC [intrauterine devices (IUDs), implants]. In the CHOICE cohort study of acceptan...