Internal body residue has been recognized as a potential dose metric for toxicological assessments. This relationship between body residue and biological effects, including both lethal and sublethal effects, is critically important for determining environmental quality in risk assessments. The present study identified the toxic equivalent body residues for fluoranthene (FLU) and pentachlorobenz...

1. Sulfonamide chemotherapy controls the bacterial component of combined infection with influenza virus and pneumococci in rats. 2. Reinstillation of fluid (broth, physiological salt solution) into the respiratory passages of mice several days after sublethal viral infection converts the viral infection into a lethal one. 3. Sulfonamide chemotherapy controls the bacterial component of combined ...

Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) frequently consume milkweed in and near agroecosystems and consequently may be exposed to pesticides like neonicotinoids. We conducted a dose response study to determine lethal and sublethal doses of clothianidin using a 36-h exposure scenario. We then quantified clothianidin levels found in milkweed leaves adjacent to maize fields. Toxicity assays reveale...

Aquatic ecological responses to climatic warming are complicated by interactions between thermal effects and other environmental stressors such as organic pollution and hypoxia. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated how oxygen limitation can set heat tolerance for some aquatic ectotherms, but only at unrealistic lethal temperatures and without field data to assess whether oxygen shortages mi...

The beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner) is an important pest of many agricultural crops all over the world. Most of the sugar beet growing regions in Iran are infested. In this study, the acute lethal effects of Pyriproxyfen, Spinosad, and Indoxacarb as well as sublethal effects of Pyriproxyfen on the 1 instar S. exigua were assessed by leaf dip bioassay method. Mortality was recorded 48 h...