the sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (snrk2) family members are plant unique serine/threonine kinases which play a key role in cellular signaling in response to abiotic stresses. the three snrk2 members including srk2d, srk2i and srk2e are known to phosphorylate major abscisic acid (aba) responsive transcription factors, abf2 and abf4, involved in an aba-dependent stress signal...

The glucose level linkages with breast cancer (BC) biomarkers are focused in the article adopting probabilistic modeling a real data set surveyed from 64 BC women and 52 normal along 10 interested study factors. It is derived that mean levels over for (P=0.02224) than normal. Mean inversely linked insulin (P< 0.00001), interaction effects of leptin adiponectin (leptin*adiponectin) (P=0.08834...

Chito-oligosaccharide (COS) is a natural bioactive compound, which has been shown to suppress lipid metabolic genes and lipid accumulation in differentiating adipocytes. Leptin has been identified as a key regulator of energy homeostasis and is known to be under epigenetic regulation during adipogenesis. Hence, the first objective of this experiment was to compare leptin gene (LEP) expression a...

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in both the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) and the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) have been implicated in food intake and obesity. However, while ARH NPY is highly expressed in the lean animal, DMH NPY mRNA expression is observed only after diet-induced obesity (DIO). Furthermore, while ARH NPY neurons are inhibited by leptin, the effect of this adipokine...

Kastin, Abba J., and Victoria Akerstrom. Entry of CART into brain is rapid but not inhibited by excess CART or leptin. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (Endocrinol. Metab. 40): E901– E904, 1999.—Cocaineand amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a new anorectic peptide found in the brain and periphery. It is closely associated with leptin, an anorectic agent saturably transported across the blood-brain b...

background: alzheimer's disease (ad) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles tau protein. obesity significantly increases the risk of developing ad. leptin is a peptide hormone secreted by adipocytes. in the present study the serum levels of leptin in ad was evaluated. material and method:...

objective(s): leptin exerts various effects on appetite and body weight. disruption of the obesitygene is precedent to fatness. insulin or glucose elevates leptin, but streptozotocin reduces it. however, controversial data exist for the effects of leptin on diabetes and leptin level in each gender. leptin can damage the kidney function but little evidence exists for its hepatic effects. the aim...

Cart (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) was first identified to be a major brain mRNA up-regulated by cocaine and amphetamine. The CART protein has been established as a satiety factor closely associated with the action of leptin. To assess CART's role as an anorexigenic signal, we have generated CART-deficient mice by gene targeting. On a high fat diet, CART-deficient and female h...

PURPOSE Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a causative factor of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) and concurrent anorexia and wasting. Because changes in the expression of hypothalamic feeding-regulating peptides can directly affect appetites and thereby can cause anorexia and wasting, we addressed whether the cachectic syndromes induced by PTHrP rely on the action of hypot...

OBJECTIVE The dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) has been considered an orexigenic nucleus, since the DMH lesion reduced food intake and body weight and induced resistance to diet-induced obesity. The DMH expresses feeding regulatory neuropeptides and receptors including neuropeptide Y (NPY), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin receptor, and melanocor...