prerequisite for embrace of islam is acceptance of faith principles such as monotheism, prophecy, existence in the hereafter and in the shiite religion background, faith to two other principles, justice and pontificate. therefore, knowledge and certainty are criterion and imitative acceptance of these principles is not correct. for believer human, islam has determined practical programs that na...

“obligation”, “dette” and “droit personnel” are three important and correlative legal terms in civil law that have been introduce into persian legal literature with improper translation. the failure to distinguish them from common terms in islamic jurisprudence like “dein” and “eltezam” have caused conceptual confusion between special terms of two great legal systems: civil law and islamic law....

Study objective: In the United Kingdom, recognition of the links between social and health problems has led to government initiatives such as health action zones. The principles of civil law apply to many types of social problem, and the civil justice system provides one means through which they can be tackled. However, little research has been undertaken into the particular links between probl...

hearings, according to the general principles, appear in open courts. therefore, confidential and private hearings are exeptional by legal stipulation. this exeption is depicted and stipulated in arbitration. the charactristics of arbitration are being confidential and private. these two are main points for reterring to arbitration. in jurisprudence, the consensus is only on the private aspect ...

in the previous article written by the author of this paper we saw that economic principles governing  legislation policy in the field of copyright make legislator enact efficient laws and regulations on copyright and prevent him to enact contrary regulations in the same fields. the previous article considered three economic principles and now this article tries to examine two economic principl...

Rheumatologists are often called to be independent examiners of injured claimants and to address the question: "What is causing the injured person's symptoms?" This article deals with the legal principles that arise in these cases, including causation, convenient focus, secondary gain, and thin skull rules. We shall first set out two hypothetical scenarios of personal injury cases that set the ...

Psychologists are often requested to provide "raw" psychological data (scores, test stimuli, client or patient responses) to nonexperts, especially in personal injury litigation cases in which there may be a court order or subpoena for such information. The new Ethical Principles of the American Psychological Association prohibit the release of raw test results and data to unqualified persons; ...

We study antitrust enforcement in which the fine must obey four legal principles: punishments should fit the crime, proportionality, bankruptcy considerations, and minimum fines. We integrate these legal principles into an infinitely-repeated oligopoly model. Bankruptcy considerations ensure abnormal cartel profits. We derive the optimal fine schedule that achieves maximal social welfare under ...