Quantitative information flow was first proposed by Denning [5] and Gray [6]. Its goal is to measure the amount of information leaked about a secret by observing the running of a program. Quantitative definitions of information leakage are often borrowed from information theory. Indeed, early models of quantitative information flow directly used the Shannon mutual information I(X;Y ), which mea...

OBJECTIVE This study was performed to determine in vitro the short- and long-term sealing ability of a recently developed silicon-based root canal filling material (Gutta-Flow). STUDY DESIGN Sixty human upper central incisors were divided into 3 groups (n = 20). The root canals were instrumented and obturated with laterally compacted gutta-percha and AH26 sealer (group 1), continuous-wave the...

[1] The generalized radial flow approach to hydraulic test interpretation uses the flow dimension to describe the change in flow area versus radial distance from the borehole. The flow dimension of a hydraulic test may reflect several characteristics of the hydrogeologic system, including heterogeneity, boundaries, and leakage. We show that a radial flow system with a linear, constant-head boun...

BACKGROUND Nasal Highflow (NHF) delivers a humidified and heated airflow via nasal prongs. Current data provide evidence for efficacy of NHF in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Preliminary data suggest that NHF may decrease hypercapnia in hypercapnic respiratory failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of NHF mediated PCO2 reduction in patients with chronic obstr...

In computer security, it is frequently necessary in practice to accept some leakage of confidential information. This motivates the development of theories of Quantitative Information Flow aimed at showing that some leaks are “small” and therefore tolerable. We describe the fundamental view of channels as mappings from prior distributions on secrets to hyper-distributions, which are distributio...