We describe a representation for tree leaves and an interactive modeling system for creating realistic close up images of leaf clusters. The planar outline of the leaf and the larger members of its venation system are strong factors in the recognition of plant species and as such are essential to realistic imaging. The larger veins also play a major biological role in determining the leaf surfa...

The formation of the venation pattern in leaves is ideal for examining signaling pathways that recognize and respond to spatial and temporal information, because the pattern is two-dimensional and heritable and the resulting veins influence the three-dimensional spatial organization of the surrounding differentiating leaf cell types. We identified a provascular/procambial cell-specific gene tha...

This paper proposes a new model for the shapes and details of simple and compound leaves in plants. The layout of leaf is modeled via branching structure generated using B-Splines. The proposed model controls the relationships that govern the shape through the marginal and venation of the considered simple leaf or leaflet. The developed algorithm starts by taking four points that represent the ...

—Four vascular plant lineages, the ferns, sphenopsids, progymnosperms, and seed plants, evolved laminated leaves in the Paleozoic. A principal coordinate analysis of 641 leaf species from North American and European floras ranging in age from Middle Devonian through the end of the Permian shows that the clades followed parallel trajectories of evolution: each clade exhibits rapid radiation of l...

Experimental data regarding auxin and venation formation exist at both macroscopic and molecular scales, and we attempt to unify them into a comprehensive model for venation formation. We begin with a set of principles to guide an abstract model of venation formation, from which we show how patterns in plant development are related to the representation of global distance information locally as...

In this article, we build a mathematical model to understand the formation of a plant leaf. Our model is based on the idea that a leaf tends to maximize internal efficiency by developing an efficient transport system for water and nutrients. From a single cell, a leaf with various cost functionals on transport systems will grow into leaves with various shapes and various venation patterns. The ...