By introducing a thin ZnO layer as an optical spacer, we have demonstrated that inserting this layer between an active layer and a reflective electrode results in a re-distribution of the optical electric field inside bulk heterojunction solar cells. A theoretical analysis by optical modeling showed that the thin ZnO layer could shift the position of the maximum of the electric field into the a...

these investigations indicate that the anterior layer of the renal fascia continues across the midline of the body in front of the aorta and inferior vena cava to become continuous with a similar layer on the opposite side of the body. the posterior layer of the renal fascia blends with the fascia covering the psoas major especially at the medial and lateral edges of this muscle. but, in additi...

mixed layer is a part of the atmospheric boundary layer in which pollutants are uniformly distributed. it is sensitive to the earth’s surface, controls the flow of heat and momentum between the surface and the free atmosphere, thus playing a key role in atmospheric circulation. most of atmospheric pollution models require the height of the mixed layer as an input to determine the depth of atmos...

Low-temperature epitaxial growth of AlN ultrathin films was realized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) together with the layer-by-layer, in-situ atomic layer annealing (ALA), instead of a high growth temperature which is needed in conventional epitaxial growth techniques. By applying the ALA with the Ar plasma treatment in each ALD cycle, the AlN thin film was converted dramatically from the amo...

© 2014 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 1 wileyonlinelibrary.com coatings on windows, lenses or solar cells, repellent or protective clothing, non-fouling marine vessels or biomedical devices, and anti-icing or drag-reducing surfaces. An ideal coating should ensure stable repellency, should be transparent in order not to affect color or transparency of the un...

Avian leukosis viruses (ALVS) cause different types of tumours in poultry and can affect the health and egg production of the birds. To investigate the presence of the virus in chicken layer flocks in Shiraz, 222 egg albumen from local layer breeder (25 eggs), local layer grand parent (30 eggs), broiler breeder (60 eggs), commercial layer (46 eggs) and broiler grand parent (61 eggs) were tested...

The longitudinal optical conductivity is the most important property for graphene-baseddevices. So investigating this property for spatially separated few-layer graphene systems analytically and numerically is the main purpose of our study. Each layer can be mono- or bi-layer graphene. The density-density correlation function has been screened by the dielectric function using the random p...