In this paper, a new generalized value iteration algorithm is developed to solve infinite horizon optimal control problems for discrete-time nonlinear systems. The idea is to use iterative adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) to obtain the iterative control law which makes the iterative performance index function reach the optimum. The generalized value iteration algorithm permits an arbitrary po...

The transport of photons in steady, spherical, scattering flows is investigated. The moment equations are solved analytically for accretion onto a Schwarzschild black hole, taking into full account relativistic effects. We show that the emergent radiation spectrum is a power law at high frequencies with a spectral index smaller (harder spectrum) than in the non–relativistic case. Radiative tran...

Gamma ray bursts (GRBs) are known to have short-time variability and power-law behavior with the index −1.67 in the power spectrum density. Reanalyzing the expanded data, we have found a) the power-law comes from the global profile of the burst and not from the self-similar shots nor rapid fluctuations in the luminosity profile. b) The power indices vary from burst to burst and the value −1.67 ...

This paper discusses basics of audio watermarking and the concepts of Quantization Index Modulation (QIM), Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), μ-law and their benefits that are useful for watermarking of audio signals. Survey of some related papers discusses the usefulness of QIM technique when used with Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) or SVD technique and improvement in DWT based technique us...

We investigate the maximal numberMk of offspring amongst all individuals in a critical Galton–Watson process started with k ancestors. We show that when the reproduction law has a regularly varying tail with index −α for 1 < α < 2, then k−1Mk converges in distribution to a Frechet law with shape parameter 1 and scale parameter depending only on α.

This study is about the behavior of a fully developed incompressible reactive Power law fluid in steady flow between two insulated parallel plates. Both plates are kept at the same temperature, T0. It is assumed that the heat is generated by a chemical reaction term, which is uniformly distributed throughout the volume along with the viscous heating due to the reactive nature of the fluid. The ...

We consider a system of PDE’s describing steady motions of an incompressible chemically reacting non-Newtonian fluid. The system of governing equations composes of the convection-diffusion equation for concentration and generalized Navier-Stokes equations where the generalized viscosity depends polynomially on the shear rate (the modulus of the symmetric part of the velocity gradient) and the c...

Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is used to simulate the lid driven cavity flow to explore the mechanism of non-Newtonian fluid flow. The power law model is used to represent the class of non-Newtonian fluids (shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids) by considering a range of 0.8 to 1.6. Investigation is carried out to study the influence of power law index and Reynolds number on the variation...

OBJECTIVES To explore whether the rule of law is a foundational determinant of health that underlies other socioeconomic, political and cultural factors that have been associated with health outcomes. SETTING Global project. PARTICIPANTS Data set of 96 countries, comprising 91% of the global population. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The following health indicators, infant mortali...

This paper investigates the natural convection heat transfer performance in a complex-wavy-wall cavity filled with power-law fluid. In performing the simulations, the continuity, Cauchy momentum and energy equations are solved subject to the Boussinesq approximation using a finite volume method. The simulations focus specifically on the effects of the flow behavior index in the power-law model ...