BACKGROUND In an effort to minimise access in cardiac surgery, endoscopic vessel harvesting has become more popular. The endoscopic approach, however, allows for only the harvest of the mid to distal internal mammary artery (IMA), leaving the more proximal branches of the conduit available for collateral flow away from the coronary bed. AIM To compare the number and anatomic variation of rema...

The superficial temporal artery, one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery, is used for temporoparietal, parieto-occipital flaps and forehead flaps in reconstructive surgery. The topographic anatomy of this artery exhibits ethnic variations. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the branching pattern of the superficial temporal artery and its relation to specified landmarks...

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-021-02694-5

Alternative Vascular Pedicle of the Anterolateral Thigh Flap: Does an Oblique Branch Really Exist? Sir: W read with interest the article by Wong et al.1 and the recently published letter to the editor by da Costa and Lancelotti2 concerning the oblique branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery. Wong et al. described a distinct vascular pedicle lateral to the descending branch of the latera...

When the radial artery is used as a conduit for the postero-lateral branches, simple aorto-coronary bypass is sometimes impossible in a hypertrophic heart because of its limited length. Passing the graft through the oblique sinus, and making the proximal anastomosis on the right side of the ascending aorta, the postero-lateral branches can be revascularized with a short graft even for a dilated...

A major aspect of postembryonic plant development is the formation of secondary axes of growth: vegetative branches, inflorescence branches, or flowers. The first step in side-shoot development is the establishment of lateral meristems in the axils of leaves. GRAS-, MYB-, and bHLH-type transcription factors act as key regulators of early steps in this process. The REVOLUTA subfamily of HD-ZIP t...