Do political-Islamic elites need to be democrats for participation in democracy, how do their values compare to secular elites’, and how do their values change through participation and affect democratization itself? A comparative-systematic content analysis of three Islamic-conservative and two pro-secular Turkish newspapers over nine years shows that, overall, political-Islamic elites adopt d...

“The political form at last discovered under which to work out the economic emancipation of labor.” With these words, Marx described Paris Commune 1871. It “was formed municipal councillors, chosen by universal suffrage in various wards town, responsible and revocable short term […] a working, not parliamentary body, executive legislative same time.” The tradition was inherited Russian soviets ...

This paper argues that democracy can be seen as a way to channel “democratic reason,” or the collective intelligence of the many. The paper hypothesizes that two main democratic mechanisms—the practice of inclusive deliberation (in its direct and indirect versions) and the institution of majority rule with universal suffrage— combine their epistemic properties to maximize the chances that the g...

This study aims to assess the claims whether or not direct democracy in ancient Athens can be properly regarded as a liberal had potentials evolve into democratic regime. For this purpose, firstly, brief examination of is provided focusing on basic tenets liberalism; namely individualism, limited conceptualisation state, negative freedom, and rights. Then, principles ideals Athenian are briefly...

Is it possible, after a conflict or genocide, to deliver justice and build a new political order acceptable to all sides previously set on destroying each other? Christian Nadeau looks at recent conflicts in Rwanda and in the former Yugoslavia, among others, to lay down the foundations of a theory of transitional justice. In his view a successful transition to democracy has to be based on repar...

nowdays, democracy is become an universal value so that all intellectual tendencies should put it into their concerns. whether it accepts or not? the central value is caused a change in many political theories to democracy. it seems that one of most important these endeavors is concerned to practitioners of political philosophy that have attempted to revise negative attitudes of it. this articl...