This article assesses the financial contribution made by primary sector in terms of taxes paid. It also reports on some subsidies, concessions and other forms assistance that receives from government. We provide illustrative examples indirect subsidies to intensive farming. farmers being paid de-stock their land. In highlighting significant direct agriculture sector, concluding national local g...

Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici) is one of the major soilborne diseases threatening many vegetable crops including squash. The disease results in severe epidemics and yield losses due to a rapid spread pathogen associated with wet weather soil waterlogging. Implementing drone-based spatial mapping software elevation tools can assist growers evaluating land levelling for uniform distri...

We have developed a new theory for correcting track irregularities by applying their restored waveforms and carried out experimental levelling and lining work. In this theory, the optimum shifting/lifting values are obtained as solutions for a typical quadratic programming problem. Restrictions on shifting rails are formulated as constraint conditions of the optimization problem. Furthermore, i...

W ith an ever-declining number of papers written in languages other than English, the idiom of Shakespeare is, today more than ever before, the international language of science [1,2]. In 2014, according to PubMed’s language filter, 95.4% of life science publications retrieved by the search engine were written in English, in line with the trend of the last several decades [1,2]. Today, among th...

Land leveling is one of the most important steps in soil preparation and cultivation. Although land leveling with machines requires considerable amount of energy, it delivers a suitable surface slope with minimal soil deterioration as well as damage to plants and other organisms in the soil. Notwithstanding, in recent years researchers have tried to reduce fossil fuel consumption and its delete...

The Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) laser altimetry mission from 2003 to 2008 provided an important dataset for elevation measurements. The quality of GLAS/ICESat (Geoscience Laser Altimeter System) data was investigated for Lake Leman in Switzerland and France by comparing laser data to hydrological gauge water levels. The correction of GLAS/ICESat waveform saturation successf...

manufacturing techniques could also be used to fabricate a multiple-zone DOE by masking the different DOE zones during the manufacturing process, and the same space-compatible DOE substrates (fused silica, sapphire) that are used on standard DOE’s could be used for multiple-zone DOE’s. DOEs are an elegant and cost-effective optical design option for spacebased laser altimeters that require mult...