By studying its C4 epimer α-D-galactose, the effects of epimerization on the conformational behaviour of α-D-glucose have been unveiled. Using laser ablation of crystalline samples, four conformers of α-D-galactopyranose have been observed, for the first time, in a supersonic expansion by analyzing the Fourier transform rotational spectrum.

Constant temperature and pressure molecular-dynamics simulations in conjunction with constant pressure and enthalpy simulations, designed to examine the threshold behavior in laser ablation, demonstrate that the rate of homogeneous nucleation (explosive boiling) increases sharply in a very narrow temperature range at approximately 90% of the critical temperature. Moreover, the homogeneous nucle...

1. Ablation Threshold 612 2. Ablation Enthalpy 613 3. Ablation Efficiency 613 C. Mechanistic Models 613 1. Steady-State Vaporization Models 614 2. Thermomechanical Models 614 D. Molecular Dynamics Simulations 615 VIII. UV and IR Ablation 615 A. Tissue Absorption Coefficients 615 B. Ablation without Stress Confinement 617 1. Temperature Rise and Thermal Diffusion 617 2. Kinetics of Tissue Decomp...

Enhancement of pulsed laser ablation can be achieved in acetic acid as an environmentally friendly liquid. This paper evaluates microholes and textured features induced by a nanosecond pulsed laser under different processing circumstances. The microholes are fabricated by laser drilling in acetic acid and found to be 100% deeper than in air. The textured features achieved in the liquid demonstr...

To compare ablation quality of Er:YAG and Er:YSGG laser the surface quality, crater shape, mass loss, and temperature development were determined using the same fibre transmission system and handpiece. Similar crater depths for both lasers but greater diameters for the Er:YAG laser were measured. Also mass loss per pulse of the Er:YAG laser exceeds that of the Er:YSGG laser. Temperature develop...

The formation of nanoparticles within the laser-induced cavitation bubble is studied in situ using small angle X-ray scattering with high spatiotemporal resolution. Directly after laser ablation, two different particle fractions consisting of compact primary particles of 8-10 nm size and agglomerates of 40-60 nm size are formed. The abundance of these species is strongly influenced by the dynam...

We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of beam formation from a cryogenic buffer gas cell. Atoms and molecules are loaded into the cell by laser ablation of a target, and are cooled and swept out of the cell by a flow of cold helium. We study the thermalization and flow dynamics inside the cell and measure how the speed, temperature, divergence and extraction efficiency of the...

In ultra-short pulsed laser ablation of metals, a considerable amount of the incident laser energy remains in the workpiece as residual heat. When using high repetition rates, this can cause severe damage due to heat accumulation effects. In this paper, the amount and the spatial distribution of the residual heat deposited by a spatially Gaussian-shaped laser pulse are investigated by means of ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Laser thrombolysis is a means for clearing blood clots in occluded arteries. Many researchers have studied the mechanisms of clot ablation, and research clinicians have used the technique to treat myocardial infarction with a number of different laser systems. Specifically, a 1-microsec pulsed dye laser has been used clinically to remove blood clots in coronary arteries...