We desribe a variation of the planning domain definition language, PDDL, that permits the modeling of probabilistic planning problems with rewards. This language, PPDDL1.0, was used as the input language for the probabilistic track of the 4th International Planning Competition. We provide the complete syntax for PPDDL1.0 and give a semantics of PPDDL1.0 planning problems in terms of Markov deci...

Learning planning must be prepared in a systematic way and according to the needs achieve desired goal. In this case, researcher used qualitative research describing how learning is, as for points discussed, namely; (1) finding relevant data topic being (2) collecting classifying from sources analyzed, (3) analyzing advantages disadvantages related data, (4) concluding results of analysis. The ...

Considering the benefits of preparation for writing in the pre-writing phase, this study attempted to examine the effects of different pre-task strategic planning activities (i.e., pre-task form-focus planning, content-focus planning, and no planning) on writing accuracy and motivation. To achieve the objectives of this study, sixty intermediate EFL learners were selected from an English langua...

Abstract This study was intended to compare collaborative and individual task planning effects on Iranian EFL learners’ writing performance. Therefore, a group of 90 upper intermediate EFL learners were placed in three groups of Collaborative Task planning, Individual Task planning, and Control. In the experimental groups, participants were asked to do task planning collaboratively and individu...

Abstract This study was intended to compare collaborative and individual task planning effects on Iranian EFL learners’ writing performance. Therefore, a group of 90 upper intermediate EFL learners were placed in three groups of Collaborative Task planning, Individual Task planning, and Control. In the experimental groups, participants were asked to do task planning collaboratively and individu...

Signi cant advances have been made in the area of macro planning for assembly operations (i.e., dividing a product into sub-assemblies, determining the sequence of assembly operations). On the contrary, the state of the art in micro planning (i.e., tool selection, path planning for tool and part movements) is rather primitive. To generate a realizable assembly plan, both macro planning and micr...

Peter Mühlhäusler is the Foundation Professor of Linguistics at the University of Adelaide, and Supernumerary Fellow of Linacre College, Oxford. He has taught at the Technical University of Berlin and in the University of Oxford. He is an active researcher in several areas of linguistics, including ecolinguistics, language planning, and language policy and language contact in the Australian-Pac...