ran's economy still has a two-digit inflation rate with high fluctuations, which is mainly caused by fiscal dominance. According to the relevant literature, the most important fiscal dominance mechanism is borrowing from the central bank. After prohibiting direct borrowing from the Central Bank by Iran's government, the budget deficits are partially addressed by off-budgeting operations, achiev...

Language is a type of communication protocol that emerges and develops through a selforganizing process in a multi-agent environment. In this paper, using a language game model, we observe and discuss such dynamic properties of languages among communicative agents. We regard language simply as combinations of \words" (symbols) and \meanings" (semantics), namely vocabularies. In addition to prel...

We investigate a variety of methods for improving language recognition accuracy based on techniques in speech recognition, and in some cases borrowed from speaker recognition. First, we look at the question of language-dependent versus language-independent phone recognition for phonotactic (PRLM) language recognizers, and find that language-independent recognizers give superior performance in b...

Cultural, political, economic ties between peoples contribute to the emergence of mutual borrowing. Many lexemes in Ukrainian language come from Polish, and Polish language, turn, borrows Ukrainian. Lexical borrowings written records appeared lay for a long period XVI-XIX centuries. lexical elements had an influence on formation composition literary which was especially noticeable romanticism w...