The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a landmark agreement that has successfully reduced the global production, consumption, and emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). ODSs are also greenhouse gases that contribute to the radiative forcing of climate change. Using historical ODSs emissions and scenarios of potential emissions, we show that the ODS con...

Serious international discussion on global warming did not start until the singing of the Framework Convention on Climate Change at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It was not, however, until five years later that the first United Nations conference to enact a binding international agreement to control the emissions of greenhouse gases was held in Kyoto, Japan—the Kyoto Protocol. Thi...

Though the Kyoto Protocol concerns six greenhouse gases, most appraisals in the past have focused exclusively on CO2. But it is now acknowledged that, at least for some countries, there is an important potential of abating non-CO2 greenhouse gases with a relatively low cost. It is then the topic of the paper to present a multi-gas assessment of the Kyoto Protocol and to compare the results with...

Since the U.S. Bush administration took its position against the Kyoto Protocol, growing concerns for the facts behind and security of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have appeared on the horizon. However, this pessimistic mood will not stay long, once the global community pays attention to what the intention of the U.S. is. The U.S. never refused the Climate ...

This paper assesses the impact of the Kyoto Protocol on CO2 emissions. With this aim a dynamic panel data model is estimated for a cross-section of 213 countries over the period 1960 to 2009. The model, based on a STIRPAT approach, also integrates the EKC approach and specifically considers the endogeneity of the policy variable. To sort out causality the number of financed CDM projects is used...

Kenji Tsuchiya Koichi Nagano Ayumu Morita Tetsuya Hirao OVERVIEW: To make medium-voltage switchgear (52 kV or less) smaller and more robust, there has been a shift away from AISs and toward GISs that use SF6 gas . However, the high global warming coefficient of SF6 gas means it was designated as a greenhouse gas by the Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on...