Abstract The paper provides evidence against the claim that perceptual access is commonly encoded in direct evidentials. While visual, auditory, tactile and olfactory perception are conveyed by evidentials contexts where such interpretations appropriate, others it speaker’s involvement, affectedness established beliefs which conveyed. These may be exclusive to speaker or shared addressee. Inste...

Knowing whether a proposition is true means knowing that it is true or knowing that it is false. In this paper, we study logics with a modal operator Kw for knowing whether but without a modal operator K for knowing that. This logic is not a normal modal logic, because we do not have Kw(φ → ψ) → (Kwφ → Kwψ). Knowing whether logic cannot define many common frame properties, and its expressive po...

The paper discusses the concept of energy, its transformation, and transmission. Any physical object, event, word, sound, thought or even money is seen as a bundle of energy. This is a fictional story suggesting direction of technological/scientific development in the future.