In this paper we consider several approaches to predicting semantic textual similarity using word embeddings, as well as methods for forming embeddings for larger units of text. We compare these methods to several baselines, and find that none of them outperform the baselines. We then consider both a supervised and unsupervised approach to combining these methods which achieve modest improvemen...

This paper deals with the often ignored issue of adaptation to human-induced climate change. Adaptation is not only inevitable but essential to fashioning the least-social-cost strategy to addressing climate change. The urgency for limiting climate change is inversely proportional to society's adaptability. Some limitation strategies are incompatible with adaptation goals (e.g., reducing CO2 ra...

The technology of anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes is, in many aspects, mature. Topics such as fundamentals (kinetics, modelling, etc.), process aspects (performance, twoand single-phase systems, wet and dry technologies), digestion enhancement (several pre-treatments), co-digestion with other substrates and its relation to composting technology are examined in this review. Special a...

A cap on greenhouse gas emissions makes total emissions a fixed commonproperty resource. Population increases under a cap are therefore self-limiting: a population increase raises labor and reduces emissions per unit of labor, which lowers incomes and fertility. Because a marginal birth under a cap lowers all incomes, a cap induces a negative population externality. The externality is substanti...

We examine the use of two superbeam neutrino oscillation experiments with baselines <∼ 1000 km to resolve parameter degeneracies inherent in the three-neutrino analysis of such experiments. We find that with appropriate choices of neutrino energies and baselines two experiments with different baselines can provide a much better determination of the neutrino mass ordering than a single experimen...

In greenhouse horticulture, energy costs form an increasingly larger part of the total production costs. Energy is primarily used for temperature control, reduction of air humidity, increase of light intensity and CO2 supply. Use of fossil energy can be reduced by limiting the energy demand of the system and decreasing energy losses, by intelligent climate control, by increasing the energy effi...

The ideas expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, or the endorsement of any approach described herein. Expert Group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policy...

Fluxes of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere are heavily influenced by microbiological activity. Microbial enzymes involved in the production and consumption of greenhouse gases often contain metal cofactors. While extensive research has examined the influence of Fe bioavailability on microbial CO(2) cycling, fewer studies have explored metal requirements for microbial production and consumptio...

In this note, we describe how PMML models can be used to monitor data streams, build baselines, and detect deviations from the baselines.