نتایج جستجو برای: keywords international trade instability

تعداد نتایج: 2378275  

2012
Olivier Nay

Over the last decade, a number of western government agencies and international organisations have increasingly turned their attention to fragility and failure of state institutions as a major international policy challenge in the fields of security and development assistance. The concepts of “fragile” and “failed states” are now widely used in diplomatic negotiations on global security, peacek...

2016
Ben G. Li Zhihong Yu Xufei Zhang

Relation-specific transactions are growing in international trade. It remains unclear how such transactions respond to external shocks differently from ordinary non-relation-specific international transactions, since their contract details are rarely available to researchers. We combine three widely known data sources to tackle this question. We find that shocks are primarily absorbed by the pr...

2007
Andrew B. Bernard Bradford Jensen Stephen J. Redding Peter K. Schott

Despite the fact that importing and exporting are extremely rare firm activities, economists generally devote little attention to the role of firms when discussing international trade. This paper summarizes key differences between trading and non-trading firms, demonstrates how these differences present a challenge to standard trade models and shows how recent “heterogeneous-firm” models of int...

Journal: :international journal of political science 0

the article depicts the situation before cold war in which developing countries (dcs) and least developed countries (ldcs) found themselves big loser, as they were deprived from participation in trade negotiation process, leading into establishment of gatt . therefore, they resorted to unctad  as the sole defender of their interests against developed countries in trade negotiations. unctad has ...

Journal: :Developing world bioethics 2009
Casey Humbyrd

Since the development of assisted reproductive technologies, infertile individuals have crossed borders to obtain treatments unavailable or unaffordable in their own country. Recent media coverage has focused on the outsourcing of surrogacy to developing countries, where the cost for surrogacy is significantly less than the equivalent cost in a more developed country. This paper discusses the e...

2004
Arvind Panagariya

True. In low-income countries, openness to international trade is indispensable for rapid economic growth. Indeed, few developing nations have grown rapidly over time without simultaneous increases in both exports and imports, and virtually all developing countries that have grown rapidly have done so under open trade policies or declining trade protection. India and China are the best recent e...

Journal: Iranian Economic Review 2017

E conomic integration among countries has continued to deepen over the past decade. This is especially visible at the regional level, with the escalation of Regional Integration Agreements (RIAs) ranging from Free Trade Areas (FTAs) to Customs Unions (CUs). Nowadays, many developing countries have entered a new regional integration agreement with developed and developing countries. S...

2016
Antonio Rodriguez-Lopez

This paper introduces a framework to study the links between the supply of liquid assets for the financial market and the international allocation of economic activity. Private assets’ liquidity properties—their usefulness as collateral or media of exchange in financial transactions— affect assets’ values and interest rates, with consequences on firm entry, production, aggregate productivity, a...

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