The cellulose-rich walls that protect plant cells are difficult to digest, and therefore mechanical food processing is a key aspect of herbivory across vertebrates. Cell walls are typically broken down by translation of flattened teeth in the occlusal plane (i.e. grinding) as part of a complex, rhythmic chewing stroke. The grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, is a voracious, invasive herbivorou...

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) can be delivered inefficiently using the movable jaws of a linac. The efficiency can be much improved by delivering IMRT with the movable jaws together with a relocatable mask below the jaws (Webb 2002 Phys. Med. Biol. 47 257-75). This paper extends the modelling work by showing that a much simpler relocatable mask than previously conceptualized can ...

PURPOSE The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the success of Brånemark System TiUnite implants (Nobel Biocare/Sweden) placed in partially or completely edentulous jaws restored with fixed or removable prostheses. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 131 jaws from 110 patients (64 maxillae and 67 mandibles) received 472 implants from July 2003 until March 2008. The patients inclu...

Developers of communication software face many challenges. Communication software contains both inherent complexities, such as fault detection and recovery, and accidental complexities, such as the continuous re-rediscovery and re-invention of key concepts and components. Meeting these challenges requires a thorough understanding of object-oriented application frameworks and patterns. This pape...

statement of problem: chondrosarcoma is a tumor which includes 10 percent of the bone primary tumors. its prevalence is half of the osteosarcoma and two times of ewing’s. the mean age of the patients ranges between 30-50 years of old. there is no significant sex or race predilection. the most common complaint is the presence of a painless and enlarging mass. its clinical course is described as ...

I n previous investigations, the peculiarities of the rotational patterns of the jaws during growth have been studied. ‘3 2, 4, *a It has been suggestedi that mandibular rotation may be a mechanism of adjustment of the mandible to the maxillary complex. Anterior mandibular rotation seems to be a process of shortening of the mandible related to specific changes in gonial angle and condylar growt...

In an earlier radiographic study of dental development in the third-trimester fetus, considerable variability was obsersed in the degree of rotation of the deciduous lateral incisors (VAN DER LINDEN, MACNAMARA and Buxi, J Dent Res 51: 71, 1972) Accordingly, we became interestedl in the extent of lateral-incisor rotation in still younger specimens, the age at onset of lateralincisor rotation, an...

PURPOSE This study was undertaken to explore the effects of the jaws and the MLC openings on the neutron dose equivalent (DE) at the maze door and neutron flux at the patient plane. METHODS The neutron dose equivalent was measured at the maze entrance door of a 15 MV therapy linear accelerator room. All measurements were performed using various field sizes up to 40 cm × 40 cm. Activation dete...

This study evaluates changes in the dosimetric characteristics of a Varian Millennium 80-leaf multileaf collimator (MLC) in a radiation field. In this study, dose rate, scatter factor, percentage depth dose, surface dose and dose in the buildup region, beam profile, flatness and symmetry, and penumbra width measurements were made for 6-MV and 15-MV photon beams. Analysis of widths between 50% d...

PURPOSE CheckTomo is an independent dose calculation software for tomotherapy. Recently, Accuray (Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) released an upgrade of its tomotherapy treatment device, called TomoEDGE Dynamic Jaws, which improves the quality of treatment plans by enhancing the dose delivery with the help of jaws motion. This study describes the upgrade of CheckTomo to that new feature. ME...