HIV belongs to a family of viruses known as retroviruses. The ability of retroviruses to synthesize DNA using their RNA genome as a template distinguishes them from other viruses. The synthesized DNA can then integrate itself into the genome of an infected cell, becoming what is known as a provirus. Jan Svoboda, a cell and molecular biologist at the Czech Academy of Sciences, who was elected to...

Reinforcement Learning is an essential ability for robots to learn new motor skills. Nevertheless, few methods scale into the domain of anthropomorphic robotics. In order to improve in terms of efficiency, the problem is reduced onto reward-weighted imitation. By doing so, we are able to generate a framework for policy learning which both unifies previous reinforcement learning approaches and a...

The post-communist countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union introduced, at least initially, political and economic reforms simultaneously. This paper explores the consequences of simultaneous implementation of economic and political liberalisation for economic growth. It is found that democracy indeed had a negative marginal effect on growth during early phases of transition (199...

deal effectively with the increased density of the pork industry in some areas and the increased public concerns regarding nutrient excretion and odour emissions. Successful management of nitrogen and phosphorus is key for sustainable pork production to address these public concerns. For example, nitrogen excretion in the form of ammonia is a concern because of its impact on the work environmen...

Proof. Let us first assume that c > 0. To prove that sup(cA) = c(sup A), we claim that sup(cA) ≤ c(sup A) and sup(cA) ≥ c(sup A). For the first inequality, let a′ ∈ cA be arbitrary. Then a′ = ca for some a ∈ A. But since a ≤ sup A, we have a′ = ca ≤ c(sup A). This shows that c(sup A) is an upper bound of cA, hence we have sup(cA) ≤ c(sup A). The reverse inequality also follows in a similar mann...

in Seoul, October 22, 2002 during 9th International Gynecologic Cancer Society meeting, Gynecologic Cancer Joint Meetings have been held alternatively in Korea and Japan every year until 8th meeting in Tokyo in 2009. From the 9th meeting of this year on, Gynecologic Cancer Joint Meetings between Japan and Korea are supposed to be held every other year at the same period of time as biennial meet...