equating test scores is an important issue in large scale testing. almost all standardized tests have several forms which vary in difficulty. new forms are written and added every year. when the items in different forms of a test vary in difficulty, direct comparison of test-takers who have taken different forms and are at the same ability level is not possible; hence, the issue of test fairnes...

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy (VRT) and cognitive behavioral (CBT) on ailurophobia rumination in people with ailurophobia. utilized a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest research design 1-month follow-up period an experimental group implementing two methods, VRT CBT, control group. The statistical population consisted all Isfahan summer autumn 2020. sa...

Abstract This paper presents the RST-AQ, a 22-item scale to measure affective states related three motivational systems postulated by Reinforcement Sensitivity theory (RST-AQ): Behavioral approach system (BAS), inhibition (BIS), and Fight-Flight-Freeze (FFFS). The subscales are internally consistent. Results show an overall support for construct validity of our RST-AQ measure. correlations with...