This report focuses on the diverse and multiple manifestations of political, state, counter-state violence. Many examinations political violence in this highlight continued need for disparate methodological analytic lenses towards robust understandings across scales. Displacements mobilities associated with flight from conflict are discussed relation to institutionalization harm, trauma contain...

Geographical considerations such as contiguity and compactness are necessary elements of political districting in practice. Yet an analysis the problem without constraints yields mathematical insights that can inform real-world model construction. In particular, it clarifies sharp contrast between proportionality competitiveness how might be overcome a properly formulated objective function. It...

Goodchild: Neogeography implies a reinventing of geography, in which the traditional roles of expert producer of geographic information and amateur user have broken down, with the amateur becoming both a producer and user—or what some have termed a prosumer. Implicit is a defi nition of geography as a discipline devoted to the production of geographic information; most contemporary geographers ...

in the third century, the political multiplicity of iran was influential on various thoughts and expansion of the opposite religious interactions. benefiting from the attention towards the masses of people and equalizing among them, murjae and hanafiae could affect iran and missionaries deeply. in the middle of the third century, with the shafei’s influence in the fascinating cities of ray, ne...

abstract: after the end of the cold war, were came up different views about nature and how to continue rival in international relations. some scholars of these fields were believe that with the end of ideological competition in the macro level in the world and with any rival hegemonic there is not any basis for more competition between countries and power blocks in the world . so it consider th...