Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) injury in neonatal animals leads to selective regional loss of neurons including CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus as well as nonlethal pathologies. Glutamate-receptor over-activation and Ca2+ influx are involved in these neonatal changes. We examined glutamate-evoked Ca2+ responses in neonatal (PN 7-13) and young adult (PN 21-27) CA1 pyramidal neurons in ac...

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is activated in brain cells after various insults, including cerebral ischemia and epileptic seizures. Although cell culture studies have suggested that the activation of NF-kappaB can prevent neuronal apoptosis, the role of this transcription factor in neuronal injury in vivo is unclear, and the specific kappaB subunits involved are unknown. We now report that...

The effect of the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator dye Fura-2 on Ca2+ dynamics was studied in proximal apical dendrites of neocortical layer V and hippocampal CAl pyramidal neurons in rat brain slices using somatic whole-cell recording and a charge-coupled device camera. A single action potential evoked a transient increase of intradendritic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) that was reduced in size an...

Figure 1. Dendritic morphologies of typical pyramidal neurons in different brain regions. (A) Layer 5 pyramidal neuron in the rat somatosensory cortex (courtesy of Maarten Kole). (B) Pyramidal neuron in area CA3 of the rat hippocampus (reproduced with permission from Gonzales et al. (2001).) (C) Layer 2 pyramidal neuron in the primary olfactory cortex of the mouse (unpublished work of Norimitsu...

objective: stroke is most important cause of death and disability in adults. the hippocampal ca1 and sub-ventricular zone neurons are vulnerable to ischemia that can impair memory and learning functions. although neurogenesis normally occurs in the dentate gyrus (dg) of the hippocampus and sub-ventricular zone (svz) following brain damage, this response is unable to compensate for severely dama...

Ischemia-reperfusion injury, a common complication during liver surgery where steatotic livers are more prone to the injury, may become more prevalent in the growing obese population. This study characterizes liver morphology toward understanding changes in subcellular function in steatotic livers exposed to ischemiareperfusion injury through quantitative description of fluorescein distribution...

OBJECTIVES Recent studies have revealed that nitric oxide (NO) in concert with lipid peroxidation (LP) may play an important role in pathophysiological mechanism(s) of cerebral ischemia. In addition, hyperglycemia exaggerates the pathological changes during cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E (VE) on LP, NO production, and superoxide dismutas...

The cerebral cortex is selectively vulnerable to cell death after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that the ratio of mRNAs encoding proteins important for cell survival and/or cell death is altered in individual damaged neurons after injury that may contribute to the cell's fate. To investigate this possibility, we used amplified antisense mRNA (aRNA) amplification to examine the r...

The hippocampal formation contains a variety of neuronal types. The principal neurons are granule cells in the dentate gyrus and pyramidal cells in Ammon's horn. These two neuron types show distinct cell morphology and display a different vulnerability to ischemic injury or various neurotoxins. In order to illustrate the difference in the pathophysiological properties of these neurons, we estab...

UNLABELLED Fentanyl is widely used in conditions in which the brain is at risk of ischemic or anoxic injury. We evaluated the effect of fentanyl on anoxic injury to CA 1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus. These neurons are extremely sensitive to anoxic injury and are densely populated with opioid receptors. We prepared hippocampal slices from adult Sprague-Dawley rats and evoked a postsyna...