PURPOSE To investigate the contamination of the dental irrigation systems with Cryptosporidium species in Alexandria, Egypt. METHODS Forty water samples from all 20 working dental irrigation machines in a dental center in Alexandria were included in the study. Water samples were taken from the handpieces of dental irrigation machines in all studied units. After filtration through a membrane f...

Rising demand for food, fiber, and biofuels drives expanding irrigation withdrawals from surface water and groundwater. Irrigation efficiency and water savings have become watchwords in response to climate-induced hydrological variability, increasing freshwater demand for other uses including ecosystem water needs, and low economic productivity of irrigation compared to most other uses. We iden...

Capillary rise from shallow groundwater can decrease the need for irrigation water. However, simple techniques do not exist to quantify the contribution of capillary flux to crop water use. In this study we develop the Agricultural Water Productivity Model for Shallow Groundwater (AWPM-SG) for calculating capillary fluxes from shallow groundwater using readily available data. The model combines...

Results of a field study carried out at Trinitapoli (Puglia region, southern Italy) on the irrigation of an artichoke crop with three types of water (secondary-treated wastewater, SW; tertiary-treated wastewater, TW; and freshwater, FW) are reported. Physical, chemical and microbiological analyses were performed on the irrigation water, and on soil and yield samples. The levels of most of the c...

A fuzzy control irrigation system for cotton field is presented in this paper. The system is composed of host computer, slave computer controller, communication module, soil water sensors, valve controllers, and system software. A fuzzy control model is constructed to control the irrigation time and irrigation quantity for cotton filed. According to the water-required rules of different cotton ...

Crop production is a process of multiple inputs (water and nutrients, etc.), and the relationships between the inputs and crop yield are very complex. This study used a model for data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the efficiency of irrigation-fertilization schemes for winter wheat in North China. The field experiments were conducted at the Xiaohe Irrigation Experiment Station in Centra...

[1] Farmers make joint water and land use decisions for economic purposes based in part on water availability and reliability. A two-stage economic production model is developed to examine the effects of hydrologic uncertainty and water prices on agricultural production, cropping patterns, and water and irrigation technology use. The model maximizes net expected farm profit from permanent and a...

To examine the impact of small reservoir irrigation development in Africa, the performance and productivity of two small reservoirs and irrigation schemes in the Upper East Region of Ghana were investigated in this study. Hydrologic data measured included daily irrigation volumes and daily evaporation. Farmer cost inputs, excluding labor, and harvest data were also recorded. There was a strong ...

Under surface irrigation, particularly in clay soils cut-off technique is considered as one of the most practical way in saving irrigation water that traditional farmers could be easily implemented. Such farming way is processing through find out the optimum length of irrigation run at which watering should be stopped instead of irrigation till the tail end of the furrows or borders. Such proce...

The Water Administration System (WAS) is designed to be a management tool for irrigation schemes and water control offices that want to manage their water accounts and supply water to clients through canal networks, pipelines and rivers. The ultimate aim of WAS is to optimise irrigation water management and minimise management-related distribution losses in irrigation canals. This research proj...