Missile injuries of the kidney are rare even in wartime. Of 4500 patients admitted to the Ghaem Medical Center in the first two years of the Iran-Iraq war, only 96 had injuries of the genitourinary tract (2.1 %) and only 35 involved the kidney usually with multiple injuries to other viscera. The mortality for those with urogenital injuries was 8.3% (compared with World War I, 60% and World...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop after a terrifying event involving physical injury or the threat of physical harm in war. Eight years of war after Iraq attacked Iran (between 1980-1988) caused thousands of PTSD among Iranian soldiers as well as civilians. Many of those people are suffering several decades from this form of anxiety most now a complicated form of complex PTSD. Y...

although the shelling and bombing against the residential areas have been prohibited in the international law, the iraqi regime used these tools frequently to advance its military and political strategy. these attacks were escalated after the kheibar operation. this article considers the definitions and concepts of the war of the cities and then studies the trend of this war during the iran-ira...

theories are conceptual frames to study social events. they are discussed in different fields in universities and have an important role in scientific investigation of different topics. various theories are set forth in international relations as an academic field that studies war. this quarterly revises iran-iraq war from these theories' point of view.

In most countries of the world where there is a strong western influence, has been persistent narrative that Iran paranoid about United States America. It will not spare any grain to ensure destruction mighty American nation. But according leaders Iran, their actions are safeguarding country national security interest. Yet, have limited studies respond whether USA or if it all security. Hence t...

the main purpose of this article is to investigate the role of the great powers in the eight- year's old war between iran and iraq. due to the nature of the various variables involved in this study, we have to employ political as well as international theories. because of the effect on international political order on this war, it was realized that the approach taken by the neorealism incl...

although iran-iraq war was an aftermath of different challenges between the two countries after the islamic revolution and of a shift in iran's position in the bipolar world of that day, the factors causing this war were not limited to the mentioned ones. their various disputes and disagreements have old historical backgrounds going back to safavieh ages or even before that. religious, geo...

Chemical warfare agents are the most brutal weapons among the weapons of mass destruction. Sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent toxic alkylating agent known as “the King of the Battle Gases”. SM has been the most widely used chemical weapon during the wars. It was widely used in World War I. Thereafter, it was extensively employed by the Iraqi troops against the Iranian military personnel and even c...