Because of the Increasing competition between enterprises in the current competitive market, the importance of continuous performance evaluation in the marketplace has increased. It has become increasingly important for banks, because as a key component of the financial system, banks allocate funds from savers to borrowers in an efficient manner to support economic activities. Along with the in...

The Basel II Accord pointed out benefits of credit risk management through internal models to estimate Probability of Default (PD). Banks use default predictions to estimate the loan applicants’ PD. However, in practice, PD is not useful and banks applied credit scorecards for their decision making process. Also the competitive pressures in lending industry forced banks to use profit scorecards...

TToday, with the globalization of economy and increased competition between banks, profits traditional banking activities have diminished, their risk has been on rise. Thus, banks should adopt more efficient management methods. In last three decades, Iranian faced many fluctuations in macroeconomic areas, e.g. industry. The main goal current study is to examine role crisis effect Income diversi...

A Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain (UCBPP-PA14) is infectious both in an Arabidopsis thaliana leaf infiltration model and in a mouse full-thickness skin burn model. UCBPP-PA14 exhibits ecotype specificity for Arabidopsis, causing a range of symptoms from none to severe in four different ecotypes. In the mouse model, UCBPP-PA14 is as lethal as other well-studied P. aeruginosa strains. Mutations in ...

This paper examines the necessity of regulating the Iranian card payments system (SHAPARAK) based on the theory of two-sided markets. The expansion of the payment card system in recent years has arisen some questions regarding the role of all kinds of costs and expenses such as interchange fees, cardholder fees, merchant fees, and network externality in balancing the market. Since there is only...