The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the maximum concentration (C(max)) and time to maximum concentration (T(max)) of epinephrine administered via tibial intraosseous (IO), sternal IO, and intravenous (i.v.) routes in a porcine model of cardiac arrest during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Five pigs each were randomly assigned to 3 groups: tibial IO, sternal IO, and i.v. Cardia...

We used the ideal observer (IO) and IO with model mismatch (IO-MM) applied in the projection domain and an anthropomorphic channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) applied to reconstructed images to optimize the acquisition energy window width and to evaluate various scatter compensation methods in the context of a myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) defect detec...

This paper presents a generalized system for graphical IO that views the graphical environment as a separate IO device, for Haskell and other functional languages. Haskell uses monads in its IO system but these are considered difficult and stimulate an imperative way of thinking. This paper shows why an implementation of the so-called stream model provides a solution to these problems. We demon...

Computer system IO (with accelerator, network, storage, graphics components) has been optimized to use descriptor-based direct memory access (DMA) operations to move data to and from relatively fast addressable system (or main) memory or cache structures. Traditionally, transactions between slower IO sub-systems and system memory have been done using a host bus/bridge adapter (HBA). Each IO int...

Multilayer structures in which the layers are both electrically and physically connected are critical to be used as high-performance electrodes for photovoltaic devices. We present the first multiscale bilayer inverse opal (IO) structures for application as electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). A bilayer of a mesoscopic IO layer (70 nm pore diameter) and a top macroporous IO layer (2...

BACKGROUND For patients' safety reasons, current American Heart Association and European Resuscitation Council guidelines recommend intraosseous (IO) vascular access as an alternative in cases of emergency, if prompt venous catheterization is impossible. The purpose of this study was to compare the IO access as a bridging procedure versus central venous catheterization (CVC) for in-hospital adu...