OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To investigate the extent of carotid artery exposure attained, including the identification of the external carotid branches and lower cranial nerves in five sequential external approaches to the parapharyngeal space, and to provide an anatomical algorithm. STUDY DESIGN Anatomical study. METHODS Six latex-injected adult cadaver heads were dissected in five consecutive ...

Carotid-cavernous fistulas may be classified into: (1) internal carotid, (2) external carotid, or (3) a combination of both. They may result from traumatic or spontaneous rupture of the carotid artery into the cavernous sinus. Intravascular embolization has become the treatment of choice for the management of carotid cavernous fistulas. The authors report the delayed effects after the treatment...

A patient with ophthalmoplegic migraine developed aberrant regeneration of the oculomotor nerve. This finding supports the view that the oculomotor nerve lesion in ophthalmoplegic migraine is peripheral, but its rarity suggests that the underlying mechanism may be ischaemic rather than compression by an oedematous intracavernous internal carotid artery.

A 15-year-old boy with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) was referred to us for central venous catheter insertion, and on ultrasound of the neck, he was found to have extensive involvement of the brachial plexus due to the nerve sheath tumour. Multiple hypoechogenic lesions resembling the internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery were visualised and could be differentiated from the vessels...

BACKGROUND Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is an infarction of the anterior or, less frequently, posterior part of the optic nerve, usually due to a disease of small arteries supplying the optic nerve. Carotid stenosis or occlusions are rare causes, and among them, carotid dissections have been so far reported in only 5 cases. METHODS We describe 4 patients with ION (2 anterior and 2 posterio...

BACKGROUND Paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors, representing 0.03% of all tumors. Half of them develop in the head and neck, and among these 50% are sporadic cervical tumors. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to carry out an epidemiological and clinical analysis of paraganglioma patients diagnosed and treated at the authors' clinics between 1985 and 2014. MATERIAL AND METHODS Th...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endovascular techniques are the methods of choice for the treatment of patients with carotid cavernous fistulas. We report our experience using stent-assisted coil placement for treatment of patients with high-flow fistulas that are associated with severe laceration of the internal carotid artery. METHODS In a retrospective review of an internal endovascular therapy dat...

Paraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysms are difficult to treat and difficult to visualize by using DSA, MRA, or surface-rendered 3D-CTA. Because those aneurysms are surrounded by bone, the dural ring (proximal and distal), the optic nerve, the oculomotor nerve, and the cavernous sinus. This report represents the first attempt to assess the verification of volume-rendered 3D-CTA for surgic...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Facial nerve stimulation has been proposed as a new treatment of ischemic stroke because autonomic components of the nerve dilate cerebral arteries and increase cerebral blood flow when activated. A noninvasive facial nerve stimulator device based on pulsed magnetic stimulation was tested in a dog middle cerebral artery occlusion model. METHODS We used an ischemic strok...