The phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae can suppress both pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) by the injection of type III effector (T3E) proteins into host cells. T3Es achieve immune suppression using a variety of strategies including interference with immune receptor signaling, blocking RNA pathways and vesicle...

Small RNAs mediate a diverse pot-pourri of post-transcriptional silencing mechanisms, ranging from 'classical' RNA interference (RNAi), to gene repression by microRNAs (miRNAs), to maintenance of genomic stability by repeat-associated small RNAs. Here, we review recent findings on the function of miR-155, particularly its roles in mammalian innate and adaptive immunity, viral infection and onco...

added value of the methodology in terms of area, power, speed, electromagnetic interference (EMI), noise immunity, and so on; tradeoffs, which design parameters often worsen to achieve added values, such as speed versus power, and area versus EMI; and the cost of switching to the new methodology, including training time, development of new libraries, and time spent dealing with CAD tool immatur...