By employing fault tolerance, embedded systems can withstand both intentional and unintentional faults. Many fault-tolerance mechanisms are invoked only after a fault has been detected by whatever fault-detection mechanism is used, hence the process of fault detection must itself be dependable if the system is expected to be fault tolerant. Many faults are detectable only indirectly, as a resul...

Abstract—This study is purposed to develop an efficient fault detection method for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) applications based on adaptive noise covariance estimation. Due to the dependence on radio frequency signals, GNSS measurements are dominated by systematic errors in receiver’s operating environment. In the proposed method, the pseudorange and carrier-phase measurement n...

Diagnostic errors, constituted by a missed, wrong, or delayed diagnosis detected later by additional tests or findings, are one of the most vexing issues in medicine. They are one of the commonest causes of patient- harm and also medical negligence claims. Although a variety of constructs have been proposed to explain diagnostic errors, the complex interplay of cognitive- and system-factors tha...