Biological innovations in agriculture did not enjoy protection by formal intellectual property rights (IPRs) for a long time, but the recent trend has been one of considerable broadening and strengthening of these rights. We document the nature of these IPRs and their evolution, and provide an assessment of their impacts on innovation. We integrate elements of the institutional history of plant...

Medical plants have a great value in traditional knowledge related to human health care both used whole plant or consisting in curative remedies. These valuable uses has been led to commercial use of medicinal plants and their derivatives which makes great benefits. Also there is a growing desire to use of completely natural materials as curative drugs around the world. These facts show up a gr...

Innovation in the information industries is being seriously constrained by the concessions that large corporations have wrung out of governments in the form of extensions to intellectual property laws. These extensions run counter to economic theory, and counter to the interests of economies and societies.

Over the past two decades, the role of intellectual property rights in all areas of science and technology has exploded globally– primarily due to the rules prescribed by the World Trade Organization’s TRIPS and by bilateral/regional trade agreements. The TRIPS agreement obligates all WTO member countries to adopt and enforce minimum standards of intellectual property rights. The TRIPS agreemen...

Over the past two decades, the role of intellectual property rights in all areas of science and technology has exploded globally– primarily due to the rules prescribed by the World Trade Organization’s TRIPS and by bilateral/regional trade agreements. The TRIPS agreement obligates all WTO member countries to adopt and enforce minimum standards of intellectual property rights. The TRIPS agreemen...

recently, the finished cost reduction policy-as an efficient economic policy for competitiveness of domestic products beside foreign competitors-has been paying attention by ministry of commerce of iran. at the fist look, the protection of intellectual property such as inventions increases the finished cost of products; but intellectual property protection can be effective in finished cost redu...

Intellectual property rights are essential in today’s technology-driven age. Building a strategic IP portfolio is economically important from both an offensive and defensive standpoint. Applicable areas in Nanotechnology to which intellectual property rights can apply are presented. Some challenging issues surrounding the acquisition of IP rights in Nanotechnology are also presented. The Import...

Intellectual property (IP) protection involves a trade-off between the undesirability of monopoly and the desirable encouragement of creation and innovation. Optimal policy depends on the relative strength of these two forces. We give a quantitative assessment of current IP policies. We focus particularly on the scale of the market, showing that as it increases, due either to growth or to the e...

This paper presents a brief overview of intellectual property rights and the various areas in proteomics to which IP rights may be applicable. Technology transfer, including licensing and business agreements, are not covered in this paper. Instead, issues and complications related to national and overseas patent prosecution in this relatively new field will be discussed.