Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to convert to different types of cells and after dividing, they can produce their own cells or other cells. Axons of the retinal ganglion cells, from the optic nerve. These cells lose the ability to regenerate themselves before birth. Optic nerve degeneration can result from various causes including increased intraocular pressure, comp...

A single transverse mode high-pulse-energy vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) was developed. The GaSb-based VECSEL emits at a wavelength of 2.04 µm with peak power exceeding 500 W while maintaining good beam quality. cavity employs Pockels cell combined low-loss thin film polarizer to selectively dump the intracavity energy into 10 ns pulse. has promise for incoherent LIDA...

The sensory tasks performed by the eye are diverse and complex. In Drosophila, the eye performs motion detection for navigation as well as detection of the quality of light (color and polarized light). Both types of inputs are processed separately, as different photoreceptors are specialized in these tasks and contact different target cell layers in the optic lobe. However, their respective out...

Electro-optic modulators are an indispensable part of photonic communication systems, largely dictating the achievable transmission rate. Recent advances in materials and fabrication/processing techniques have brought new elements a renewed dynamic to research on optical modulation. Motivated by opportunities, this Perspective reviews state art integrated electro-optic modulators, covering broa...