Identifying the mechanisms that shape neuronal circuit architecture remains a major challenge. A recent study shows that repulsive signaling between parallel visual pathways helps organize their connections into laminar circuits in the inner retina.

We have developed a highly detailed mathematical model of solute transport in the renal medulla of the rat kidney to study the impact of the structured organization of nephrons and vessels revealed in anatomic studies. The model represents the arrangement of tubules around a vascular bundle in the outer medulla and around a collecting duct cluster in the upper inner medulla. Model simulations y...

Structure and function of mitochondria are intimately linked. In a search for components that participate in building the elaborate architecture of this complex organelle we have identified Aim24, an inner membrane protein. Aim24 interacts with the MICOS complex that is required for the formation of crista junctions and contact sites between inner and outer membranes. Aim24 is necessary for the...

We know from everyday experience that when we need to keep a small amount of verbal information "in mind" for a short period, an effective cognitive strategy is to silently rehearse the words. This basic cognitive strategy has been elegantly codified in Baddeley and colleagues model of verbal working memory, the phonological loop. Here we explore how the intuitive appeal of the phonological loo...

This paper illustrates the application of an adaptive flight control architecture to a scale quad-rotor. For autonomous VTOL (Vertical Takeoff and Landing) flight, it is common to separate the control problem into an inner fast loop that controls attitude and an outer slow loop that controls the trajectory of the VTOL. In this paper we augment a conventional PD controller conceived mainly for h...

The author proposes that an artificial mind should be able to duplicate the processes of the human mind, i.e. inner imagery, inner speech, sensations, the cognitive functions like introspection, perception, attention, match, mismatch and novelty detection, learning, memory, reasoning, planning, emotions and motivation, perhaps even consciousness. Furthermore, the author proposes that a cognitiv...

We propose Nested LSTMs (NLSTM), a novel RNN architecture with multiple levels of memory. Nested LSTMs add depth to LSTMs via nesting as opposed to stacking. The value of a memory cell in an NLSTM is computed by an LSTM cell, which has its own inner memory cell. Specifically, instead of computing the value of the (outer) memory cell as c t = ft ct−1 + it gt, NLSTM memory cells use the concatena...