Recent revisions to the Xenopus fate map challenge the interpretation of previous maps and current models of amphibian axial patterning (Lane, M.C., Smith, W.C., 1999. The origins of primitive blood in Xenopus: implications for axial patterning. Development 126 (3), 423-434.; Lane, M.C., Sheets, M.D., 2000. Designation of the anterior/posterior axis in pregastrula Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 225...

Since 2003, kisspeptin and its receptor (KISS1R, also called GPR54) are recognized as major actors of the gonadotrope axis. Mutations of genes encoding the peptide or the receptor have been identified in patients with precocious puberty or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. They are strong stimulators of GnRH neurons and are involved in various mechanisms regulating gonadotrope axis as puberty indu...

We describe the isolation of the Xenopus homeobox gene twin (Xtwn), which was identified in an expression cloning screen for molecules with dorsalizing activities. Injection of synthetic Xtwn mRNA restores a complete dorsal axis in embryos lacking dorsal structures and induces a complete secondary dorsal axis when ectopically expressed in normal embryos. The sequence homology, expression patter...

Among spiral cleaving embryos (e.g. mollusks and annelids), it has long been known that one blastomere at the four-cell stage, the D cell, and its direct descendants play an important role in axial pattern formation. Various studies have suggested that the D quadrant acts as the organizer of the embryonic axes in annelids, although this has never been demonstrated directly. Here we show that D ...

introduction: scoliosis is the lateral deviation of spinal column accompanied with the rotation & twisting of vertebrae on perpendiculars axis and it is one of the most common diseases in children. the importance of scoliosis as a health problem has been known in school aged children. extensive screening programs have been implemented or are being implemented in different regions in the world. ...

In the sea urchin embryo, the animal-vegetal axis is established during oogenesis and the oral-aboral axis is specified sometime after fertilization. The mechanisms by which either of these axes are specified and patterned during embryogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of cellular interactions in the specification of the ectoderm territories and polarization of the e...

Background: The aim of this study was to develop and implement a Monte Carlo framework for evaluation of patient specific out-of-field organ equivalent dose (OED). Materials and Methods: Dose calculations were performed using a Monte Carlo-based model of Oncor linac and tomographic phantoms. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using EGSnrc user codes. Dose measurements were performed using r...

introduction: thyroid hormone is important for the growth, development and metabolism of the body. a new amount of data show that thyroid hormone influences on pituitary-testis axis. so in this study we investigated the effects of hypothyroidism induction by propiltiouracil (ptu) on serum levels of thyroid hormone, testosterone hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, body an...