Limited data suggest that outdoor air pollution (such as ambient air pollution or traffic-related air pollution) and indoor air pollution (such as second-hand smoking and biomass fuel combustion exposure) are associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but there is insufficient evidence to prove a causal relationship at this stage. It also appears that outdo...

Indoor air pollution due to the indoor burning of polluting fuels has been associated with Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI) amongst children less than five years old. This paper reviews evidence of the association between household energy, indoor air pollution and child ALRI in South Africa. Studies show evidence consistent with the international literature with the likelihood of ALRI ...

Indoor air pollution caused by the indoor burning of solid biomass fuels has been associated with Acute Respiratory Infections such as pneumonia amongst children of less than five years of age. Behavioural change interventions have been identified as a potential strategy to reduce child indoor air pollution exposure, yet very little is known about the impact of behavioural change interventions ...

A large body of evidence has confirmed that the indoor air pollution (IAP) from biomass fuel use is a major cause of premature deaths, and acute and chronic diseases. Over 78% of Sri Lankans use biomass fuel for cooking, the major source of IAP in developing countries. We conducted a review of the available literature and data sources to profile biomass fuel use in Sri Lanka. We also produced t...

the potential indoor air impacts of burning candles have drawn increased attention in recent years.  burning paraffin waxes itself, regardless to wick and the essence, produce some allergens and even carcinogenic compounds. further biorefining of petroleum paraffin wax with proper bacteria is one of the proposed resolutions to decrease the health threat. therefore in this study iranian heavy cr...

BACKGROUND Unprocessed biomass fuel is the primary source of indoor air pollution (IAP) in developing countries. The use of biomass fuel has been linked with acute respiratory infections. This study assesses sources of variations associated with the level of indoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study examines household factors affecting the level of indoor pollution by me...

Milimeter Wave (mmWave) is a solution to overcome of frequency limitations in 5G technology implementations using high frequency carrier domain. This research discusses about mmWave frequency selection for 5G technology using empirical methods for indoor propagation model. Several mmWave frequencies are simulated on indoor office environment. Based on simulation with Indoor Hotspot (InH) placed...