OBERT MALTHUS is exemplary in presenting a basic pessimism in his assessment of the prospects of the labouring poor— a pessimism about the long-term growth possibilities of an essentially organic, agrarian economy that he shares with his fellow classical economists writing in the second half of the eighteenth, and the early nineteenth, centuries. 2 He is, of course, well known for identifying w...

Since the end of 1970's-and the success of the New Classical School –, the face of macroeconomics has changed profoundly. On the one hand, the research has turned gradually away from the analysis of the short-term fluctuations to favor a study of the long term determining factors of macroeconomic variables. One has studied the determinants of growth and has interpreted the cycles as fluctuation...

It seems impossible for a human being not to have some point of view concerning nonhuman animal (hereafter animal) welfare. Many people make decisions about how humans are permitted to treat animals using speciesist criteria, basing their decisions on an individual's species membership rather than on that animal's individual characteristics. Although speciesism provides a convenient way for mak...

This paper develops a framework for the quantitative analysis of individual income dynamics, mobility and welfare. Individual income is assumed to follow a stochastic process with two (unobserved) components, an i.i.d. component representing measurement error or transitory income shocks and an AR(1) component representing persistent changes in income. We use a tractable consumption-saving model...

Soda taxes aim to reduce excessive sugar consumption. Their effectiveness depends on whether they successfully target those whose consumption is associated with the highest harm. We assess the impact of soda taxes using novel longitudinal data on purchases on-the-go; we model the supply side of the market and find that pass-through is over 100%. We recover individual level responses, which we r...

Electric universal service aims to improve the individual living quality in remote and underdeveloped areas, the implementation of which can promote the sustainable development of people’s lives and the local economy to some extent. A social welfare evaluation model of electric universal service was proposed, which was divided into economic and non-economic welfare evaluation models. After the ...