The efficiency scores generated by DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) models are clearly dependent on each other in the statistical sense. However, this dependency has been ignored in all published uses of these scores when used to make statistical inferences. For example, regression analysis has been widely applied to the analysis of the variation of the DEA efficiency scores. However, the conven...

We discuss the effects of non-independence on region of interest (ROI) analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data, which has recently been raised in a prominent article by Vul et al. We outline the problem of non-independence, and use a previously published dataset to examine the effects of non-independence. These analyses show that very strong correlations (exceeding 0.8) can occur...

The most powerful assumption in data analysis is that of independence. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to check, so it often must stay as an assumption. One way out of this trap is to assume less independence than usual: Instead of assuming all n observations are i.i.d. (independently and identically distributed), it is often more credible to assume that several blocks of the data are in...

Reviewing the general representation of a stochastic local hidden variables theory in the context of an ideal Bohm's version of the EPR experiment, we show explicitly that the violation of Bell's locality condition is due to the assumption of " outcome independence " at the hidden variables level. Also, we show that if we introduce determinism, the assumption of outcome independence will be all...

AIM Propofol is a widely used anesthesia induction agent and is easily accessible in most healthcare facilities. Unlike regulated or schedule drugs, propofol is inconsistently tracked, leading to inaccurate inventories, incorrect billing, and unrecognized diversion. The goal of this project was to implement a new method of tracking propofol in a single setting, with the aim of accounting for 10...

The causality properties of space-time models with traversable wormholes are considered. It is shown that relativity principle cannot be applied to the motion of the wormhole’s mouths in the outer space and the dynamical wormhole transformation into the time machine is impossible. The examples of both causal and noncausal spacetime models with traversable wormholes are also considered. Some pro...