Preliminary; not for quotation. NBER working papers are distributed informally and in limited number for conuDents only. This report has not undergone the review accorded official NBERpublications; in particular, it has not yet been submitted for approval by the Board of Directors. Introduction rn an earl ie.r paper, Becker and Lewis explained why the quantity and quality of children (and, by e...

The main purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the export of flowers in Iran. After data collection using by the index of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), the condition of business of flowers in Iran was compared with a number of countries exporting the product. According to the results of study, the small elasticity of the exportation price in the function of export...

Because of its policy implications, the income elasticity of health care expenditures is a subject of much debate. Governments may have an interest in subsidizing the care of those with low income. Using more than two decades of data from the Iran Household Expenditure and Income Survey, this article investigates the relationship between income and health care expenditure in urban and rural are...

The strength of the behavioral response to a tax rate change depends on the environment individuals operate in, and may be manipulated by instruments controlled by the government. We first derive a measure of the social benefit to affecting this elasticity. The paper then examines this effect in the solution to the optimal income taxation problem when such an instrument is available, first in a...

Comparisons of well-being across heterogenous households necessitate that households' incomes are adjusted for differences in size and composition: equivalence scales arecommonly used to achieve this objective.Equivalence scales with constant elasticity with respect to family size have been argued to provide a good approximation to a large variety of scales (see, e.g., B. Buhmann, L. Rainwater,...

This paper estimates a housing demand function from a four year panel study. The findings indicate that the income elasticity of housing demand is around .6 or .7 for owners and around .5 for renters. This means that the percentage of income spent on housing declines as income rises, and that the property tax falls more heavily on the poor than on the rich. This finding differs from earlier stu...

The economic transition in China poses new questions in studying product demand. In this study, we investigate the demand pattern and structural changes during the economic transformation using annual data from the paper and paperboard industry in China. Instrumental variable estimations as well as cointegration analysis and error-correction models are applied to the analysis. Our results show ...

the objective of this study is to estimate the demand for money in iran using the autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) approach to cointegration analysis. the empirical results show that there is a unique cointegrated and stable long-run relationship among m1 monetary aggregate, income, inflation and exchange rate. we find that the income elasticity and exchange rate coefficients are positive ...

consumption of dairy products in terms of the health and economic terms is very important. the analysis of consumer behavior can help to take policies consistent and correct in this regard. in this study the demand for milk, yogurt and cheese was estimated by using time series data related to 1984-2009 in the framework of the idea of an almost ideal demand system. the results showed that all of...

This paper seeks further evidence on the elasticity of calorie demand with respect to household resources. The case presented is for urban areas of Papua New Guinea, where just over one-half of the population appear to obtain less than the recommended amount of dietary energy. The relationship between per capita calorie consumption and per capita expenditure in urban areas of Papua New Guinea i...