Background and aims: Hepatitis B vaccination is the most successful way to prevent the virus infection. Serum concentration of vitamin D has recently been proposed as a novel predictor of response to antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis infection. The main target of this paper was to review the recent knowledge regarding the association between obesity and vitamin D level and immune respons...

BACKGROUND Post orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) viral hepatitis is an immunological condition where immune cells induce hepatitis during conditions of immune-suppression. The immune-regulatory programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-ligand 1 system is acknowledged to play important roles in immune-mediated diseases. However, the PD-1/PD-L2 interaction is not well characterized, with PD-L2 also exhi...

Anti-idiotype reagents that recognize a common idiotype associated with the combining site of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) were used to manipulate the immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen in BALB/c mice. The injection of antibodies to the idiotype before antigenic stimulation resulted in an increase in the number of cells secreting immunoglobulin M antibodies t...

The pathogenetic mechanisms for liver damage in acute hepatitis C are not clear, but a host immune cellular response may be involved. In chronic hepatitis C, there is strong evidence that host cellular immune response is involved in the control of viral replication and contributes to hepatocellular damage. As hepatitis C virus infection persists, continuous liver damage and regeneration, togeth...

background corticosteroids are used to induce remission in auto-immune hepatitis. they are not universally effective; therefore, alternative treatments are needed. in this study cysclosporine-a has been compared with prednisolone as an alternative treatment in a randomized controlled trial. this paper is an interim analysis of an ongoing clinical trial. methods sixteen years and older consentin...

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. As HBV itself is currently viewed as a non-cytopathic virus, the liver pathology associated with hepatitis B is mainly thought to be due to immune responses directed against HBV antigens. The outcome of HBV infection is the result of complex interactions between replicating HBV and the immune system. While the ro...

background and aims: viral hepatitis is a global health problem with a high mortality rate. recently, a new flavi-like virus, provisionally named hepatitis g virus (hgv), has been described. hgv does not induce an immune response that is consistently detectable by using recombinant proteins from prokaryotic expression, therefore studies have been conducted by using polymerase chain reaction (pc...

The most common misconception among physicians is that chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in children can be monitored without treatment until they become adults. The risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Asian children is higher than that of western children, which can occur after suffering moderate to severe hepatitis for a prolonged period during active hepatitis (...

Background The vast majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arise in the context of chronic inflammation, especially with hepatitis B or hepatitis C viral infection. Several studies have identified prognostic immune biomarkers in HCC tumors and peritumoral regions. Recently, a Phase 1 trial of a PD-1 inhibitor has demonstrated efficacy in HCC. In order to characterize the diversity of immune...