Ischemic stroke has been classified as a merely thrombotic disease, so the main goal of its treatment is the recanalization of the occluded vasculature. However, despite fast restoration of blood circulation, progressive stroke still develops in many patients, which has led to the concept of reperfusion injury.  The underlying mechanism is only partly known. Though, it is accepted now, tha...

Background: Immune cells perform unique functions against infections and imbalances in immunity associated with various diseases. Applying natural products may control immune responses. Among herbals, much attention has been paid to the immunoregulatory functions of Allium sativum. However, the effects of other Allium species on the immune system have remained undiscovered. Therefore, the curre...

Since human beings could travel beyond the earth atmosphere, scientists started to investigate the effect of microgravity on human cells. Microgravity has different effects on normal and cancer cells, but the related mechanisms are not well-known till now. The aim of the present review is to focus on the consequences of exposing the cancer cells to reduced gravity. Some cancer cells organize th...

TASK-3, a two-pore-domain (K2P) potassium channel, has been implicated as important regulator for the effector function and proliferation of T-cells. Interestingly, TASK-3 has also a functional impact on tumor cells. Therefore, we sought to investigate whether TASK3 modulation might have a therapeutic potential for malignant gliomas by a variety of phenotypical and functional in vitro assays mi...

Hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory syndrome that occurs at all ages and is characterized by high levels of cytokines, secreted by activated T-lymphocytes and macrophages. All symptoms and laboratory changes can be explained by organ infiltration by these cells and hypercytokinemia. HLH occurs as an inherited form (genetic, primary HLH) with mutations primarily in the...

Back ground: Candida albicans is a member of the normal human microflora. C. albicans cell wall is composed of several protein and carbohydrate components which have been shown to play a crucial role in C. albicans interaction with the host immune system. Major components of C. albican cell wall are carbohydrates such as mannans, β glucans and chitins, and proteins that partially modulate the h...

Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disorder of the medium and large-sized arteries. Recent experiments demonstrated that atherosclerosis is a Th1 dominant autoimmune condition, whereas Th2 cells are rarely detected within the atherosclerotic lesions. Several studies have indicated that Th2 type cytokines could be effective in the reduction and stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque. The...