Surveillance of incident influenza-like illness (ILI) was implemented in two children and adult medical emergency departments during the influenza A (H1/N1) pandemic to assess correlations in the daily number of ILI-related emergency room visits (ERV) between these departments. A total of 7165 ILIs in children and 610 ILIs in adults were observed. We noticed a high linear correlation between th...

In the United States, influenza season typically begins in October or November, peaks in February, and tapers off in April. During the winter holiday break, from the end of December to the beginning of January, changes in social mixing patterns, healthcare-seeking behaviors, and surveillance reporting could affect influenza-like illness (ILI) rates. We compared predicted with observed weekly IL...

BACKGROUND Household studies of influenza-like illness (ILI) afford opportunities to study determinants of respiratory virus transmission. OBJECTIVES We examined predictors of ILI transmission within households containing at least two children. METHODS A prospective cohort study recorded ILI symptoms daily for 2712 adult and child participants during the 1998 influenza season in Victoria, A...

One prime feature of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is iron accumulation in hepatic macrophages/Kupffer cells (KC) associated with enhanced NF-kappaB activation. Our recent work demonstrates a peroxynitrite-mediated transient rise in intracellular labile iron (ILI) as novel signaling for endotoxin-induced IKK and NF-kappaB activation in rodent KC. The present study investigated the mechanism of ...

BACKGROUND Household studies provide opportunities to understand influenza-like-illness (ILI) transmission, but data from (sub)tropical developing countries are scarce. OBJECTIVE To determine the viral etiology and epidemiology of ILI in households. STUDY DESIGN ILI was detected by active case finding amongst a cohort of 263 northern Vietnam households between 2008 and 2013. Health workers ...

BACKGROUND The disease burden of influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) on the working population has been documented in the literature, but statistical evidence of ILI-related work absenteeism in the USA is limited due to data availability. AIMS To assess work absenteeism due to ILIs among privately insured employees in the USA in 2007-8 and 2008-9. METHODS We used the 2007-9 MarketScan® research...

BACKGROUND Few studies have prospectively assessed viral etiologies of acute respiratory infections in community-based elderly individuals. We assessed viral respiratory pathogens in individuals ≥65 years with influenza-like illness (ILI). METHODS Multiplex reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction identified viral pathogens in nasal/throat swabs from 556 episodes of moderate-to-severe ...

BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that influenza is associated with significant disease burden in many countries in the tropics, but until recently national surveillance for influenza was not conducted in most countries in Africa. METHODS In 2007, the Kenyan Ministry of Health with technical support from the CDC-Kenya established a national sentinel surveillance system for influenza. At 11...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The International Prognostic Index (IPI), initially designed for aggressive lymphomas, has been successfully used in patients with follicular lymphoma (FL). The Italian Lymphoma Intergroup (ILI) created a new prognostic index specific for FL. The aim of this study was to compare which of these two indices is more useful when applied to a large group of FL patients. D...

The science of surveillance is rapidly evolving due to changes in public health information and preparedness as national security issues, new information technologies and health reform. As the Emergency Department has become a much more utilized venue for acute care, it has also become a more attractive data source for disease surveillance. In recent years, influenza surveillance from the Emerg...